Women, Power and Diplomacy in the Middle East and North Africa: Female Leadership, International Cooperation, and Peru’s International Projection through the Cases of Reem Al Hashimy, Leïla Zerrougui, and Golda Meir

Abstract

This article analyzes female leadership in the foreign policy of the Middle East and North Africa through the trajectories of Reem Al Hashimy, Leïla Zerrougui, and Golda Meir. From an approach centered on human rights and cultural diplomacy, it argues that women’s participation in positions of power should not be understood merely as numerical presence, but as the capacity to influence strategic agendas. Al Hashimy reflects a form of leadership associated with international cooperation, soft power, innovation, economic promotion, and global positioning. Zerrougui represents a technical and multilateral authority linked to human rights, the protection of civilians, children, and human security. Meir offers a historical counterpoint by showing that women have also exercised power in the areas of security, state-building, and crisis management. The article also examines the comparative situation of the United Arab Emirates, Algeria, and Israel, highlighting both progress and gaps in female representation. Finally, it connects these experiences with Peru through cultural diplomacy, compliance with international human rights standards, the Women, Peace and Security Agenda, and the memory of pioneering women diplomats.