Trump's assault on international law: Its impact on the WTO
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38180/rpdi.v0i0.120Keywords:
international law, international organizations, WTO, dispute settlement, United States, multilateralismAbstract
The assumption of power of the President of the United States Donald J. Trump meant a turn radical both internally and internationally, which contributed to exacerbating divisions in American domestic politics, while bringing with it important consequences negatives for multilateralism and existing international legal regimes. This attack, manifested in different areas of international law, has among its objectives variousinternational organizations, whose most recent example has been the suspension of funds to the World Health Organization (WHO) amid the coronavirus pandemic. The World Trade Organization has not only not escaped this onslaught but has been one of whites particularly chosen by the US administration. This work analyzes Trump's attack on the WTO, its consequences, and possible solutions to this impasse.
References
Alford, R. (2011). The Self-Judging WTO Security Exception. Utah Law Review, 697-759. https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/ viewcontent.cgi?article=1336&context=law_faculty_scholarship.
Arredondo, R. (2020). La ausencia del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas. Clarín. https://www.clarin.com/opinion/ausencia-consejo-seguridad-naciones-unidas_0_0XiPREUyg.html.
Arredondo, R. (2019). Una alianza para el multilateralismo. Clarín. https://www.clarin. com/opinion/alianza-multilateralismo_0_PEpdlFi7.html.
Arredondo, R. (2018). La diplomacia del cambio climático. En Sabia, G. Barberis. Aspectos ambientales en el derecho internacional. Consejo Argentino para las Relaciones Internacionales, 2018, (pp. 61-101).
Arredondo, R. (2017). Reflexiones en torno al sistema de solución de diferencias de la OMC. Sus implicancias para la Argentina. En P. Gutiérrez y Hortensia D. Temas Jurisdiccionales en materia de Derecho Internacional. Consejo Argentino para las Relaciones Internacionales (CARI), 2017.
Arredondo, R. y Godio, L. (2019). La crisis del Órgano de Apelación de la Organización Mundial de Comercio. Revista de la Secretaría del Tribunal Permanente de Revisión (Mercosur). http://revistastpr.com/index.php/rstpr/article/view/301/155198.
Bhagwati, J. (2002). Coping with Antiglobalization: A Trilogy of Discontents. Foreign Affairs, 88(2), 2-7.
Barshefsky, C.; Ross, David J.; Van den Broek, N. y Hartmann, S. (2019). WTO Issues Groundbreaking Decision on GATT National Security Exception. Wilmer Hale. https://www.wilmerhale. com/en/insights/client-alerts/20190409-wto-issues-groundbreaking- decision-on-gatt-national-security-exception.
Baron, K. (2020). Don’t Be Fooled. Trump’s Cuts to WHO Aren’t About the Coronavirus. Defense One. https://www.defenseone.com/ ideas/2020/04/trumps-cuts-who-arent-about-coronavirus/164631/print.
Chatzky, A. (2019). Does the New U.S.-Japan Trade Deal Matter? Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/ does-new-us-japan-trade-deal-matter.
Comisión Europea. (2019). Joint Statement by the European Union and Canada on an Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement. http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index. cfm?id=2053.
Connaughton, A.; Kent, N. y Schumacher, S. (2020). How people around the world see democracy in 8 charts. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/02/27/how- people-around-the-world-see-democracy-in-8-charts/.
DeFazio, P. y Pallone Jr, F. (2020). Chairs Peter Defazio and Frank Pallone, Jr. Introduce Legislation to Withdraw. World Trade Organization. https://defazio.house.gov/media- center/press-releases/chairs-peter-defazio-and-frank-pallone-jr-introduce- legislation-to.
Evenett, J. y Fritz, J. (2019). Jaw not War: Prioritising WTO Reform Options. The 24th Global Trade Alert Report, CEPR Press, 6-9. https://www.globaltradealert.org/reports/download/47.
Francia TV. (2019). Alianza por el Multilateralismo. https:// www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/es/politica-exterior/francia-en-naciones-unidas/ alianza-por-el-multilateralismo/article/alianza-por-el-multilateralismo.
Foot, R.; MacFarlane, N. y Mastanduno, M. (2003). U.S. Hegemony and International Organizations. The United States and Multilateral Institutions. Oxford University Press.
G-20. (29 de junio de 2019). Osaka Leaders’ Declaration. Parágrafo 8. https://www.wto.org/ english/news_e/news19_e/g20_osaka_leaders_declaration_e.pdf.
Galbraith, J. (2018). Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law: United States Withdraws from the UN Human Rights Council, Shortly After Receiving Criticism About Its Border Policy. The American Journal of International Law, 2(4). 745-751.
Gao, S. (2019). Disruptive Construction or Constructive Destruction? Reflections on the Appellate Body Crisis. En Chang-fa Lo, Jinji Nakagawa y Tsai-yu Lin. The Appellate Body of the WTO and Its Reform, Springer. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_ id=3422025.
Goldsmith, J. y Mercer, S. (2018). International Law and Institutions in the Trump Era. German Yearbook of International Law, 61(3). 68-91 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ ID3324582_code647786.pdf?abstractid=3324582&mirid=1.
Hawley, J. (2020). Withdrawing approval of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade. https://www.hawley.senate.gov/sites/ default/files/2020-05/Hawley-WTO-Resolution.pdf.Organization.
Khaler, M. (2017). President Trump and the Future of Global Governance. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr. org/blog/president-trump-and-future-global-governance.
Koh, H. (2019). The Trump Administration and International Law. Oxford University Press.
Landler, M. y Rappeport, A. (2018). Trump Hails Revised Nafta Trade Deal, and Sets Up a Showdown With China. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/01/us/politics/nafta-deal- trump-canada-mexico.html.
Lester, S.; Manak, I. y Kim, K. (2019). Trump’s First Trade Deal: The Slightly Revised Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement. CATO Free Trade Bulletin, 73(4). https://www.cato.org/publications/free- trade-bulletin/trumps-first-trade-deal-slightly-revised-korea-us-free-trade.
Misión de los Estados Unidos ante la OMC (25 de febrero de 2019). Statements by the United States at the Meeting of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body, 1, 12-13. https://geneva.usmission.gov/wp- content/uploads/sites/290/Feb25.DSB_.Stmt_.as-deliv.fin_.public.pdf.
Morales, M. (2020). Estados Unidos critica poder del Órgano de Apelación de la OMC. El Economista. https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/empresas/Estados-Unidos-critica- poder-del-Organo-de-Apelacion-de-la-OMC-20200414-0036.html.
Mavroidis, Petros C. (2008). No Outsourcing of Law? WTO Law as Practiced by WTO Courts. American Journal of International Law, 102(3), 135-167.
Noack, Rick (2020). After Trump suspends payments to WHO, other countries rally behind the agency. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/after-trump-suspends-payments- to-who-other-countries-rally-behind-the-agency/2020/04/15/1a2ec7c6- 7f0e-11ea-84c2-0792d8591911_story.html.
Organización de los Estados Americanos. (2019). Acuerdo Amplio y Progresista de Asociación Transpacífico (CPTPP). http://www.sice.oas.org/TPD/TPP/TPP_s.ASP.
Organización Mundial del Comercio. (2020). Desplome del comercio ante la pandemia de COVID-19, que está perturbando la economía mundial. https://www.wto.org/ spanish/news_s/pres20_s/pr855_s.htm.
Organización Mundial del Comercio. (2019). ¿Qué países se consideran países en desarrollo en la OMC?. https://www.wto.org/spanish/tratop_s/devel_s/d1who_s.htm.
Organización Mundial del Comercio. (2019a). Informe Anual 2019. https://www.wto.org/spanish/res_s/publications_s/anrep19_s.htm.
Organización Mundial del Comercio. (2005). DS246: Comunidades Europeas - Condiciones para la concesión de preferencias arancelarias a los países en desarrollo. https://www.wto.org/spanish/tratop_s/dispu_s/cases_s/ds246_s.htm.
Pearson, F. y Rochester, J. (2000). Relaciones Internacionales. Situación global en el siglo XXI. McGraw-Hill.
Petrova G. y Virdzhiniya. M (2020). La crisis de la Organización Mundial del Comercio: problemas e (im) posibles soluciones. Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional, 20(2), 25-60.
Rappeport, A. (2019). Trump Says U.S. Will Hit China With More Tariffs. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/ us/politics/china-trade-trump.html.
Reinsch, W. y Caporal, J. (2019). The WTO’s First Ruling on National Security: What Does It Mean for the United States?. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis. org/analysis/wtos-first-ruling-national-security-what-does-it-mean-united- states.
Ries, C. (20 de agosto de 2019). Trump’s Tariffs Against China Aren’t Working. And There’s No Quick Resolution in Sight. Los Angeles Times.
Sanahuja, J. (2020). ¿Bipolaridad en ascenso?. Foreign Affairs Latinoamerica, 20(2), 87-112.
Scarborough, J. (1995), H.R. 2535 (IH) - United Nations Withdrawal Act of 1995. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/BILLS- 104hr2535ih.
Shan, W. (2020). La guerra comercial imposible de ganar. En el enfrentamiento entre China y Estados Unidos, pierden sobre todo los estadounidenses. Foreign Affairs Latinoamerica 20(2), 45-71.
Slobodian, Q. (2018). Globalists. The End of Empire and the Birth of Neoliberalism. Harvard University Press.
Tamir, Y. (2020). La construcción de un nacionalismo mejor: El lugar de las naciones en un mundo globalizado. Foreign Affairs Latinoamerica, 20(2), 93-97.
The American Presidency Project. (1984). Republican Party Platform of 1984. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/ republican-party-platform-1984.
Thorbecke, C. (2020). US unemployment rate skyrockets to 14.7%, the worst since the Great Depression. ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Business/us-economy-lost-205-million-jobs-april- unemployment/story?id=70558779.
Trump, D. (28 de julio de 2016). Full transcript: Donald Trump’s jobs plan speech. Politico. https://www.politico. com/story/2016/06/full-transcript-trump-job-plan-speech-224891.
Trump, D. [@DonaldJTrump]. (12 de abril de 2018), 8:15 PM. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/984631073865953280.
Unión Europea (2018). Concept paper: WTO modernisation. http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2018/september/tradoc_157331.pdf.
US Department of State (2018). Remarks on the UN Human Rights Council. https://www.state.gov/remarks-on-the-un-human- rights-council/.
US Department of State (2019). Department Press Briefing – March 26, 2019. https://www.state.gov/briefings/department-press- briefing-march-26-2018.
US Trade Representative (2019). U.S. Wins $7.5 Billion Award in Airbus Subsidies Case. https://ustr.gov/ about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2019/october/us-wins- 75-billion-award-airbus.
US Trade Representative (2020). USTR and Treasury Statement on Call With China. https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press- office/press-releases/2020/may/ustr-and-treasury-statement-call-china.
US Trade Representative (2020a). Report on The Appellate Body of The World Trade Organization. https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/Report_on_the_Appellate_Body_of_the_World_Trade_Organization. pdf
Vásquez Arango, Carolina (2011). La jurisprudencia sobre las excepciones relativas a la seguridad en el acuerdo GATT. Forum. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/3924377.pdf.
White House (2017). Presidential Memorandum Regarding Withdrawal of the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership Negotiations and Agreement.. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential- actions/presidential-memorandum-regarding-withdrawal-united-states- trans-pacific-partnership-negotiations-agreement/.
White House (2017). The Inaugural Address. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/the-inaugural-address/.
White House (2018). Remarks by President Trump to the 73rd Session of the United Nations General Assembly. https:// www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-73rd- session-united-nations-general-assembly-new-york-ny/.
White House (2019). Memorandum on Reforming Developing-Country Status in the World Trade Organization. https://www. whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/memorandum-reforming-developing- country-status-world-trade-organization/.
White House (2019a). Memorandum on Reforming Developing-Country Status in the World Trade Organization. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/memorandum-reforming- developing-country-status-world-trade-organization/.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Ricardo Arredondo

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.









